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Election Advisory No. 2025-15

To: Election Officials
From: Christina Adkins, Director of Elections
Christina Adkins signature
Date: October 9, 2025
RE: Certain Activities in Vicinity of Polling Places

Background

The purpose of this advisory is to explain the permissible and prohibited activities in the vicinity of polling places and to provide answers to frequently asked questions.

As you prepare for the upcoming November 4, 2025 election, we wish to advise you of state law on several early voting and election day polling place issues.

All statutory references in this advisory are to the Texas Election Code (“the Code”), unless otherwise indicated.

Use of Firearms by Law Enforcement

Please note that Section 46.03(a) of the Texas Penal Code generally prohibits a person from bringing a firearm onto the premises of a polling place. However, this prohibition does not apply to a peace officer, regardless of whether the police officer is on or off duty. For this and other potentially applicable exceptions, see Tex. Pen. Code Section 46.15. The legislation allowing open carry of handguns does NOT change the law as it pertains to guns in the polling place; thus no one except licensed peace officers may carry handguns into the polling place.

Although there is no requirement that you place any sort of signage in the polling place in order to inform voters of the unchanged restrictions regarding handguns in the polling place, if you wish to provide a notice to that effect, you may post the Notice of Prohibition of Handguns in the Polling Place (Form 7-40). Alternatively, if you wish to submit your own proposed notice to our office for approval, you may do so by emailing the form to us at elections@sos.texas.gov. Any such notice must be in English and Spanish, as well as any other languages required in your political subdivision.

For more information regarding OAG opinion KP-0212 (PDF) and the situations upon which a presiding judge may carry a handgun in the polling place, please see Advisory 2018-29.

Electioneering, Loitering, and Curbside Voting

Each early voting and election day polling place must be organized with 100-foot distance markers posted at surrounding outside entrances to the building, as well as 20-foot distance markers posted at surrounding designated curbside voting parking spaces. Tex. Elec. Code Section 61.003. An election officer must place one or more distance markers at the outer limits of the area within which electioneering is prohibited. Tex. Elec. Code Section 62.010.

If a voter is physically unable to enter the polling place without personal assistance or likelihood of injuring the voter’s health, an election officer shall deliver a ballot or voting machine to the voter at the polling place entrance or curb on the voter’s request. This process is commonly referred to as “curbside voting.” Texas Election Code Section 64.009. When individuals vote curbside, their car becomes their voting station. Curbside voters must be afforded the opportunity to vote their ballot privately (in the same way as a voter in the voting booth) and thus are entitled to vote without the interference of campaigns or bystanders.

House Bill 521 (89th Leg., R.S., effective September 1, 2025) amended Texas Election Code Section 61.003 to prohibit loitering or electioneering within 20 feet of a parking space designated for curbside voting. Because Texas Election Code Section 62.010 requires an election officer to place distance markers at the outer limits of the area within which electioneering is prohibited, distance markers also must be placed outside the 20-foot boundary of a parking space designated for curbside voting.

Our office has created Curbside Distance Marker (Form 7-45) that you may use to mark the boundaries within which loitering or electioneering are prohibited within 20 feet of a parking space designated for curbside voting. Please also see the distance marker provided by the Secretary of State that you may use to mark the boundaries within which loitering or electioneering are prohibited within 100 feet of an outside door through which a voter may enter the building in which a polling place is located: Distance Marker (Form 7-35).

Because HB 521 requires that the electioneering prohibition be included on the sign designating the parking space for curbside voting, our office has updated both the Curbside Voting Sign – Notification by Phone Number (Form 7-43) and the Curbside Voting Sign – Notification by Ringing Bell (Form 7-44) to reflect this new requirement.

The 100-foot radius surrounding outside entrances to the building may encompass, overlap, or be entirely separate from the 20-foot radius surrounding designated curbside voting parking spaces depending on the layout of the location. During the voting period and inside the protected areas, it is prohibited to electioneer, including expressing preference for or against any candidate, measure, or political party, regardless of whether they are or are not on the ballot, or relating to the conduct of an election. Tex. Elec. Code Sections 61.003, 85.036. For additional information regarding changes to curbside voting and the electioneering and loitering prohibition, please see Election Advisory No. 2025-12: Changes to Curbside Voting Requirements and Assistance Procedures-House Bill 521.

Please note that the early voting clerk and the presiding judge of each polling place, as appropriate, have the authority of a district judge while serving in that capacity. This authority enables the early voting clerk or the presiding judge, as appropriate, to use his or her discretion to ensure the safety and efficiency of the early voting and election day polling place and the surrounding 100-foot area, as well as the additional 20-foot area surrounding designated curbside voting parking spaces. Tex. Elec. Code Sections 32.075, 81.002.

While an election judge or early voting clerk has the authority to ensure that electioneering is not occurring within the distance set by the 100-foot and 20-foot distance markers, Section 32.075(e) of the Code specifically states that a presiding judge may not enforce electioneering provisions outside of the 100-foot and 20-foot distance markers. The same prohibition applies to an early voting clerk, per Section 81.002 of the Code.

An election judge, an election clerk, a state or federal election inspector, a certified peace officer, or a special peace officer appointed for the polling place by the presiding judge shall wear while on duty a tag or official badge that indicates their name and title or position. Tex. Elec. Code Section 61.010(b). A poll watcher must also wear a badge indicating the person is a poll watcher; the badge will be issued to the poll watcher by the election judge.

A violation of Section 61.003, 61.010(a), or 85.036 of the Election Code is a Class C misdemeanor. Tex. Elec. Code Sections 61.003, 61.010(a), 85.036.

Appointing a Special Peace Officer

The early voting clerk and the presiding judge have the authority to preserve order and prevent breaches of the peace. Tex. Elec. Code Sections 32.075, 81.002. In performing his or her duties, the early voting clerk or the presiding judge may appoint one or more persons to act as special peace officers for the polling place. A special peace officer may not enforce the prohibition against electioneering or loitering near the polling place unless the officer’s appointment is approved by the presiding officer of the local canvassing authority. Tex. Elec. Code Section 32.075.

A person who is arrested at a polling place while voting or waiting to vote shall be permitted to vote, if entitled to do so, before being removed from the polling place. Tex. Elec. Code Section 32.075. If the early voting clerk or your presiding judges have questions as to the appointment of a peace officer at a specific polling place when addressing any disruptions or breaches of the peace, please contact our office directly with specific questions.

Sound Amplification Devices

It is also prohibited to use a sound amplification device to electioneer within 1,000 feet of the early voting or election day polling place; per Section 61.004 of the Code, a violation of this provision is a Class C misdemeanor. The same prohibition applies to an early voting clerk, per Section 81.002, Election Code. Although the enforcement authority is limited to the 100-foot area, the election judge or early voting clerk may address a violation of this law if the sound is heard within the 100-foot areas. As a practical matter, the focus of the election judge and early voting clerk will be on the polling area and surrounding 100-foot areas. As such, and as a best practice, the judge may contact law enforcement to enforce the sound amplification device rule.

If you or your presiding judges have questions as to what constitutes electioneering, encourage them to contact either your office or our office directly with specific questions.

Regulating Electioneering Outside the 100-Foot and 20-Foot Markers

An entity that owns or controls a public building being used as a polling place may not prohibit electioneering outside of the 100-foot and 20-foot distance markers. However, the entity may enact reasonable regulations in regards to the time, place, and manner of electioneering. Tex. Elec. Code Section 61.003(a-1).

Only a court of law can determine what is reasonable in terms of time, place, and manner. However, an example of a reasonable regulation may include prohibiting electioneering on sidewalks or driveways to keep them clear for pedestrians and traffic.

Finally, we recommend that all regulations be content neutral. If you have questions, we suggest that you contact your attorney. You also may consider contacting the Texas Ethics Commission for any further guidance regarding signs outside the 100-foot and 20-foot zones as it pertains to political advertising. Additionally, our office recommends that you review local ordinances to ensure compliance with any local laws that regulate signage.

County Chairs in Polling Places

The Election Code provides that a county chair may be in a polling place during the primary or primary runoff election. Tex. Elec. Code Section 172.1113. Note that the provision does not provide that a county chair may be in the polling place during other elections. However, a county chair may enter the polling place for other authorized reasons (e.g., as a voter, assistant, poll watcher).

Cell Phones and Other Wireless Communication Devices Within a Room in Which Voting is Taking Place and Within 100 Feet of a Voting Station

House Bill 3909 (89th Leg., R.S., effective September 1, 2025) amended Section 61.014 of the Code to prohibit the use of wireless communication devices such as cell phones, tablets, or laptop computers within a room in which voting is taking place. As a result, our office updated the prescribed form on the Prohibition of Certain Devices Within a Room in Which Voting is Taking Place (Form 7-39).

Additionally, persons may not use any mechanical or electronic means of recording images or sound within 100 feet of a voting station. Tex. Elec. Code Section 61.014. A voting station is the area where the voter marks the ballot. This means that persons may use wireless communication devices such as cell phones, tablets, or laptop computers outside of a room in which voting is taking place, including in areas within 100 feet of the voting stations, as long as the devices are not used to record sound or images.

In the example provided below seen in Figure A, a person could therefore use their cell phone to check email while in the green circle, which includes an area within 100 feet of a voting station, but the cell phone must be put away once the person enters the room in which voting is taking place, which is the red box in Figure A. However, a person would be prohibited from taking photographs or recording video while in the green circle. The early voting clerk or the presiding judge, as appropriate, will need to use their discretion to determine whether a voter is unlawfully using their cell phone to record sound or images in the prohibited area.

Image showing Figure A Green circle outside of the room where voting is taking place

Figure A

For an additional example of the prohibition regarding the use of wireless communication devices within a room in which voting is taking place and within 100 feet of a voting station per Section 61.014 of the Code, please see Figure B below.

Image showing wireless communication devices per zone. Green zone phone use acceptable looking up ballot, texting, checking email. Not acceptable Red zone video recording, audio recording, taking photos. All devices must be put away.

Figure B

Security Cameras in the Polling Place

Security cameras are essentially recording devices. If a building is being used as a polling place and has security cameras installed, our advice is to have the cameras turned off during the hours that voting is being conducted if it is possible to do so. If it is not possible, then making sure the cameras do not cover or film the voting areas is essential. We do not believe that turning the voting equipment away from the camera is sufficient. We think that the camera should not view the voting equipment at all.

In addition, recording of sound is a separate but equally serious problem. If it is possible to turn off that feature during the hours of voting, that will be necessary. If not, then our advice is to find another polling location, if possible.

Section 127.1232(b) of the Code requires the general custodian of election records in a county with a population over 100,000 to establish a video recording system that captures all areas containing voted ballots from the time that the ballots are delivered to the central counting station (CCS), early voting ballot board (EVBB), or signature verification committee (SVC) until the local canvass of election results. If the voted ballots will be located in a building that will also be used as a polling place, the cameras must be positioned in such a way that they do not capture any activity in the portion of that building that is used as a polling place.

Cameras Outside the Polling Place

Security cameras, trail cameras, and other motion-activated cameras are also recording devices. If these types of cameras are located outside of polling places and pointed toward the polling location, our advice is to have these cameras turned off during the hours that voting is being conducted if it is possible to do so.

Exit Polling

The policy of our office is to permit non-disruptive exit polling within the 100-foot and 20-foot boundaries surrounding each early voting and election day polling place as well as designated curbside voting parking spaces. We note that the early voting clerk or presiding judge at each polling place, as appropriate, must determine that such exit polling does not constitute either (1) “loitering” in violation of Section 61.003(a) of the Code or (2) a disruption of order or a contribution to a breach of the peace at the early voting or election day polling place in violation of Section 32.075(a) of the Code, as applicable to early voting under Section 81.002 of the Code. Tex. Elec. Code Sections 61.003(a), 32.075, 81.002.

Written Materials

Voters are allowed to bring written materials into voting stations to assist them in casting their ballot. However, it is important to remember that the prohibition on electioneering within 100 feet of the polling place and 20 feet of designated curbside voting parking spaces does apply to written materials. Election judges and early voting clerks may use their discretion in determining if a voter is electioneering for or against any candidate, measure or political party through the use of written materials.

Voter and Candidate Guides: Chapter 62 of the Texas Election Code outlines all of the required postings in polling locations. Anything not detailed in Chapter 62 of the Texas Election Code would generally be unauthorized. Section 62.013 of the Code provides that it is a Class C misdemeanor if an election officer posts an unauthorized sign, card, poster or other similar material. This means that voter guides are not an authorized posting in a polling location. If voters have questions regarding ballot content, election officials may direct voters to review the sample ballots provided, but cannot provide or make available any specific voter or candidate guide. Although voter guides are not an authorized posting in a polling place, voters can bring written materials into voting stations to assist them in casting their ballot, as referenced above.

Distribution of Voter Registration Applications in a Polling Place: As previously addressed, any forms and signs used in polling places must be authorized by statute. There is no authority in the Election Code that would permit blank, generic voter registration applications to be posted or distributed at a polling place. The Election Code authorizes two specific types of voter registration applications to be provided in polling place forms kits—the Statement of Residence and the Provisional Ballot Affidavit—and offers a statutory path for the submission of these forms. The Statement of Residence executed under Section 63.0011 of the Code and the Provisional Ballot Affidavit executed under Section 63.011 of the Code must be delivered to the voter registrar in Envelope No. 4. Tex. Elec. Code Section 66.0241. The law does not provide a mechanism for delivering a generic voter registration application to the voter registrar.

Petition Signature Gathering

Please be advised that any persons who wish to gather petition signatures must do so beyond the 100-foot and 20-foot distance markers. Petition signatures for any type of election may not be collected inside the early voting or election day polling place or within the 100-foot and 20-foot distance markers. Petition gathering is considered electioneering for or against a measure, which is prohibited within the 100-foot and 20-foot distance markers. Tex. Elec. Code Sections 61.003, 85.036.

Use of Restrooms in Polling Locations

A polling location that is located in a public building and has restrooms open to the public, such as a courthouse, cannot restrict use of its restroom facilities in that building to voters only. If the building has restrooms open to the public, the public should be allowed to use them regardless of whether or not they intend to vote. However, the presiding judge, in their discretion, may have someone removed from the premises if it is determined that the individual is loitering in violation of Section 61.003 of the Code. Polling locations that are public buildings but that do not have a restroom open to the public, such as a school, may restrict access to the restrooms on the premises to the general public.

Polling Location Check-Ins

Certain polling locations, such as schools or courthouses, may have additional check-in procedures, including requiring individuals to sign-in or show a form of identification before they are allowed on the premises. Please be advised that polling locations cannot require voters to go through any additional check-in procedures that would interfere with or impede the voter’s ability to vote. A polling location that requires check-in procedures cannot enforce their check-in policy while voting is taking place on the premises. However, if a building which is being used as a polling place has metal detectors installed, voters may be instructed to pass through the metal detectors in order to enter the building, as passing through a metal detector is not considered an additional check-in procedure.

Individuals Permitted in a Polling Place

Texas Election Code Section 61.001(a-1) provides a list of individuals who are permitted to be present in a polling place:

  1. an election judge or clerk;
  2. a watcher;
  3. the secretary of state;
  4. a staff member of the Elections Division of the Office of the Secretary of State performing an official duty in accordance with this code;
  5. an election official, a sheriff, or a staff member of an election official or sheriff delivering election supplies;
  6. a state inspector;
  7. a person admitted to vote;
  8. a child under 18 years of age who is accompanying a parent who has been admitted to vote;
  9. a person providing assistance to a voter under Sections 61.032 or 64.032;
  10. a person accompanying a voter who has a disability;
  11. a special peace officer appointed by the presiding judge under Section 32.075;
  12. the county chair of a political party conducting a primary election, as authorized by Section 172.1113;
  13. a voting system technician, as authorized by Section 125.010;
  14. the county election officer, as defined by Section 31.091, as necessary to perform tasks related to the administration of the election; or
  15. a person whose presence has been authorized by the presiding judge in accordance with the Election Code.

We hope you find this information helpful. Please contact us at 1-800-252-VOTE (8683) if you have any questions.

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